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Positive politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by highlighting friendliness. These strategies include juxtaposing criticism with compliments, establishing common ground, and using jokes, nicknames,honorifics, tag questions, special discourse markers(please), and in-groupjargon and slang.
Negative politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies includequestioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.
The best known and most widely used approach to the study of politeness is the framework introduced by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson in Questions and Politeness (1978); reissued with corrections asPoliteness: Some Universals in Language Usage(Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987). Brown and Levinson's theory of linguistic politeness is sometimes referred to as the "'face-saving' theory of politeness."